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.BEGIN VERBATIM
Example 39.  Bach, Chorale 6
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.BEGIN VERBATIM
 
Figure 39
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.FILL INDENT 12
 
	I%4F7%1 is usually a pivot to a tonic on IV, hence Is=V%47%1 of IV.
Since VII%4F7%1 is often a substitute for V%47%1, then it follows that a
diminished chord can, under some circumstances, serve as Is even though
the tonic note itself is not present.   In the next example, the D%4F%1 
of the bass might have been replaced by C without altering the basic
functions of the harmonies.
 
.BEGIN VERBATIM
 
Example 40
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Figure 40
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	Tonicization may occur without the presence of a pivot chord.
A direct chromatic relationship, such as the A to A%4S%1 of the following
example, usually rules out any pivotal function.
 
.BEGIN VERBATIM
 
Example 41.  Bach, Chorale 85
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.BEGIN VERBATIM
Figure 41


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The vertical wavy
line (%4W%1) will indicate
the absence of a
pivot chord.
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	In the above example and figure is a particularly clear case
of a chord (Vs in parentheses) which appears as the result of stepwise
motion and has only small functional significance.  The skip in
the soprano from the E up to the B causes the entire measure to
be heard as a single function.